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debian aptitude apt dpkg(lowlevel) apt-get update apt-get upgrade apt-get install vim centos yum rpm(lowlevel) yum update yum install vim opensuse zypper yast rpm(lowlevel) zypper update zypper in vim |
| \Ansible |
| Apache |
| ApacheHadoop |
| ethtool |
| OpenSSH Server |
| PHP |
| SFTP |
| UFW - Uncomplicated Firewall |
| vim |
| vi, found on all* unix and linux distributions |
| vsftpd - Very Secure FTP Daemon |
| /bin/false | prevents user from logging in when set as default shell | ||||||||||||||||||||
| bin | Essential User Binaries(programs). Firefox & bash are stored here. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| boot | Static Boot Files | ||||||||||||||||||||
| cdrom | Legacy Mount Point CDROM | ||||||||||||||||||||
| dev | Device Files | ||||||||||||||||||||
| etc/ |
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| home | Home Folders | ||||||||||||||||||||
| lib | Essential Shared Libraries | ||||||||||||||||||||
| lost+found | Recovered Files | ||||||||||||||||||||
| media | Removable Media | ||||||||||||||||||||
| mnt | Temporary Mount Points | ||||||||||||||||||||
| opt | Optional Packages | ||||||||||||||||||||
| proc | Kernel & Process Files | ||||||||||||||||||||
| root | Root Home Directory | ||||||||||||||||||||
| run | Application State Files | ||||||||||||||||||||
| sbin | System Administration Binaries | ||||||||||||||||||||
| selinux | SELinux Virtual File System | ||||||||||||||||||||
| srv | Service Data | ||||||||||||||||||||
| sys | sys | ||||||||||||||||||||
| tmp | Temporary Files | ||||||||||||||||||||
| usr | User Binaries & Read-Only Data | ||||||||||||||||||||
| var | Variable Data Files /var/log/syslog (The system log file Ubuntu) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Back to index |
| Ch 1 | |
| Max memory addressable with 32-bit processor | ~4GB |
| What three partitions do many users benefit by creating for an ubutut desktop install? | /root, /home, /boot |
| What is the recommended size of the SWAP partition? | 1.5 to 2x times the installed RAM |
| What new firmware is known to cause an issue with another operating system system other than the default that the defaul that cam with the machine? | UEFI |
| What is Unix Time? | seconds elapsed since January 1st 1970 |
| Ch 2 | |
| A display manager is used to | login graphically chose a different window manager use productitivity applications use configuration tools set different runlevels |
| Runlevel 0 | Halt |
| What is ubuntu desktop window manager | Unity |
| primary location for he xwindows in the file system? | /etc/ /home/ /usr/ |
| what is the terminal client? | a program providing access to a shell prompt |
| what provides the foundation for a wide range of graphical tools and windows managers | xwindows |
| what desktop enviornment is developed specifically for use on lower-powered computers | LXDE |
| commands to combine or show contents of one or may files at a linux CLI | cat |
| Which desktop enviornemnt does fedora core linux use by default? | no answer |
| Linux is used as a server more than it is used as a desktop operating system | True |
| Ch 15 | |
| What is the conky app used for? | Monitoring |
| What kill signal will do a sigterm | 15 |
| sigkill | 9 |
| ctrl+c | 2 |
| location of log files | /var/log (not usr/log) |
| message buffer linux kernal | dmesg |
| continuously view contents of file | tail |
| display bash process | ps aux grep bash |
| linux desktop | vvnc viewer |
| syste log file | /var/log/syslog |
| free disk space df | True |
| applications do not create their log files | trueXFALSE |
| mem | False |
| Ch 6 | |
| What command changes the access permission of a file or directory? | chmod |
| For files & directories, what are the three categories that can be given permissions? | User, group, other. |
| What command changes ownership? | Chown |
| What file defines the groups on linux? | /etc/group |
| what command will create a new group? | groupadd |
| what is the main purpose of using groups? | grant/revoke permissions to many users |
| name of admin | root |
| only user always use root | No |
| run commands as administrator | sudo |
| default the root account is turned on | no |
| In linux, everything is a file | True |
| System user account is used for | daemons |
| linux user accouts | /etc/passwd |
| What are permissions | read write execute |
| Regular user ID's range | from 1000-65533 |
| what command creates or modifies a user's passwored? | passwd |
| what command will create a new user account? | useradd |
| What is the default shell for new user accoutns in Ubuntu | bash |
| what file is about password stuff? | /etc/shadow |
| what command controls hw permissions are set for newly created files and directories? | chmod? |
| which file should be viewed to see if an account is disabled? | /etc/passwd |
| Which file in Ubuntu and Red Hat states the group that a user needs to be in the able to run the sudo command? | /etc/login.defs /etc/sudoers /etc/group |
| Ch 18 | |
| What is the package name used to install the ssh server that once installed allows users to remote into the computer via ssh | ssh sshd ssh-server openssh |
| What is a replacement to FTP that uses SSH | FTPS SFTP scp rcp |
| What is the command to use ssh as a client? | ssh sshd openssh-server ssh-server |
| What is the home page for telnet? | telent.org intertel.net !e11net.me telnet.net none of the above |
| Given the below prompt and command, where will a file be located on the remote machine? | / /root/ /home/ /home/user1/ |
| telnet is a replacement to SSH | FALSE |
| VNC is not made for the graphical interface. | FALSE |
| Ch 17 | |
| How long are the length of IPv4 addresses? | 32 bits |
| The Netmask is used for... | Network portion & Host Portion |
| Communication directed to one | Unicast |
| Communication for all hosts | Broadcast |
| Physical hardware address | MAC Address |
| What cable uses twisted pair wire | UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair) |
| Network star archetecture | Switch |
| Pass data from one net to another | Router |
| view and conf net int settings | ifconfig |
| Build route tables and info | route? |
| status of network sockets | netstat? |
| hostname resolution w/alias | etc/resolv.conf NO hosts |
| dsn server settings | etc/hosts NO |
| http TCP comm port | 80 |
| ssh tcp port comm | 22 |
| transmission control protocol | TCP |
| user datagram protocol | UDP |
| dynamic host control protocol | DHCP |
| Internet Protocol | IP |
| ubuntu comes with dchp client | True |
| ip v4 address is dotted-decmial | True |
| port #s exist for applications | True |
| /etc/resolv.conf not modified | False |
| tcp is connectionless | False |
| Ch 14 | |
| PID of init? | 1 |
| what contains the bootloader code and partition table | MBR |
| what locates the kernel on the disk and loads it into ram | BootLoader? |
| the files in the rc*.d directories are symbolic links | True |
| what command will allow you to chagne runlevels on the fly | telinit |
| what are applications that run at boot time in the background | daemons |
| what command allows viewing o kernel output after booting | dmesg |
| what directory contains the rc.d directories | /etc |
| what init is single user mode with root access | 1 |
| what is the default runlevel for ubuntu15+ | 5 |
| what runlevel will reboot the sustem | 6 |
| the traditional command to stop the service "ufw" | sudo /etc/init.d/ufw stop |
| ubuntu replaced init with systemd | True |
| Ch 12 | |
| What command changes the access permissions of a file or directory | chmod |
| What command changes the ownership of a file or directory | chown |
| For files and directories, what are the three categories that can be given permissions? | User, Group, Other |
| What contains the list of gropus taht exist on the Linux system? | /etc/group |
| What command will create a new group? | Groupadd? |
| What is the purpose of using groups? | Grant or revoke permissions to a large number of users quickly and easily. |
| What is the name of the administartor(super-user account) in linux? | root |
| In ubuntu, what command lets you run a command with administrative privelages? | sudo |
| What file stores the list of all Linux user accounts? | /etc/passwd |
| What three permissions can be tied to the user category of a file or folder? | read/write/execute |
| An administrative account known as a System User Account, is used to | Run day-to-day applications |
| Ch 9 | |
| What dose APT stand for in Debian/Ubuntu | advanced package tool |
| What command will uninstall a package but leave behind config files | apt-get remove |
| What command will uninstall a packand remove config files | apt-get purge |
| What command will download the lates list of available software packages? | apt-get update |
| What command will cause the syustem to upgrade all installed packages to the latest version | apt-get upgrade |
| Synaptic is installed by default? | Flase |
| What is the name of the graphical packages management system in ubuntu? | Ubuntu Software Center |
| Ch 11 | |
| What command is also known tape archive, makes many files into one file | tar |
| what is the proper syntax to supress the output of a command? | verboseprocess > dev/nul |
| what is a simple text editor similar to the classic pico text editor | nano |
| what text editor is found on every unix systems | vi |
| in the vim editor what key moves teh cursor down? | hjkl? j |
| in the vim editor what key deletes a character | x |
| in the vim editor what will quit the program without saving changes? | :q! |
| in the vim editor what key moves the cursor up? | k |
| in the vim editor what will quit the program and save chagnes? | wq |
| in the vim editor what will allow you to search the document? | / |
| what command changes the fil access permissions? | chmod |
| what command creates links between files | ln |
| what command copiles and installs pograms | make |
| what command displays manual pages for reading? | man |
| what command is used to make directories | mkdir |
| what command lists processes | ps |
| what command will display resources usages and prcess utilzation | top |
| what command will send the value ofa variable to the standard output | echo |
| what command prints disk usage | du |
| what command is used to find files by searching | find |
| working from the command line isnt for connecting to a remote text-only system | false |
| Ch 7 | |
| software for linux can be installed through repositories | True |
| what command will remove orphaned packages | apt-get autoremove |
| Which of the below commands will display the ubuntu version installed on the system? | lsb_release -a |
| Which command below upgrades the ubuntu OS to the latest distribution? | do-release-upgrade |
| the zypper command | opensuse |
| Which of the following commands nonot use online repositories? | dkpg. apt rpm yum zypper yast |
| The yum command is used on which of the floowing distributions? | centOS |
| Ch 8 | |
| The command stated below will show the current configuration of IP addresses on network interfaces | ip addr |
| What comand is used to view and temporarily configure network interface settings? | ifconfig |
| What command is used to view and temporarily configure the routing table? | route |
| You need to refernce a computer by name instead of IP address. Select the file you should use | /etc/hosts |
| What file spefcifies the network DNS server settings | /etc/resolv.conf |
| Which file on your ubuntu server should be modified to seet a permanent ip address | /etc/resolv.conf |
| What command will display the default gateway? | route |
| Which command was built to replace ifconfig and route? | ip |
| While logged in as a normal user, which command will bring ens33 down? | sudo ifdown ens33 |
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CHapter 3, The GUI - WHAT IS A GUI -A Graphical User Interface (GUI) is the combination of many softwares to create an easy to use user experience based on rendered images. -Used instead of the Command line interface (CLI) -Uses various methods for user interaction -Keyboard -Mouse -Touch -Eyes -Speech -Facial Expression -Device Movement (Gestures) X WINDOWS -Inspired by the W Windows System from Stanford, the X Windows System from MIT came about in 1984. -Also known as XFree86, X11, X11R7. -Provides the foundation for modern *nix GUIs. -Licensed under MIT License. -Maintained by X.Org which is also the website. STARTING THE GUI -Booting to the CLI, the command "startx" could be run. -Allows a lighter startup routine -Graphics are optional STARTING THE GUI -Booting to the CLI, the command "startx" could be run. -Allows a lighter startup routine -Graphics are optional RUNLEVELS -Debian/Ubuntu Runlevel -0 = Halt (shutdown) -1= Multiuser no GUI -2= Multiuser with GUI -6= RebootNote: Never set the default runlevel to 0 or 6. This would cause the computer to never reach a useful state. -The default can be set by the /etc/inittab fileEdit the file /etc/inittab Modify/Add the line -> id:1:initdefault:where "1" is the runlevel.Save, Close, Reboot to test CHANGE WINDOW MANAGER -Linux can run multiple window managers at the same time. -Common window managers: Unity, GNOME, KDE -GNOME is installed by searching for ubuntu-gnome-desktop -KDE is installed by the package kubuntu-desktop -Both are large downloads -Set the desired window manager before login -Just log-out to change to a different one WHY UNITY? -Mark Shuttleworth- "Our goal with Unity is unprecedented ease of use, visual style and performance on the Linux desktop." -It's built to be useful on touch interfaces -Doesn't use a menu system like in Windows -Search is the primary method to run something. THE DESKTOP -Workspaces -Not enabled by default -Multiple desktops/screens to switch between -Enable by installing Unity Tweak Tool or CompizConfig Settings Manager -The Panel-Used as the menu for all programs -Menu only appears when mouse is moved over it -There is an option to make the menu for programs appear in the program window instead. KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS -The Windows Key -The "Special Key" - pressed it opens Dash -Press and hold to see complete list -Middle mouse button opens more than one instance of an app Alt-tab to switch between running apps (while holding Alt, press the ` key to preview selected app)-Ctrl+Alt+T to open a terminal! =======CHAPTER 7, THE GUI========= Many different desktop environments can be installed. -Depending on needs or taste one might choose one over another -Installed by searching for the package and installing it... like an app KDE -Started in '96 with the goal of a polished, consistent, and well integrated interface. -More for the end user than the sys admin -A temporary licensing dispute caused some to leave the project and start GNOME. -The Kubuntu distro comes with KDE as the default desktop environment. -http://www.kubuntu.org/ XFCE -Started in '96 as a simpler environment needing less RAM and Processor power than GNOME and KDE. -It has become somewhat similar in appearance to what GNOME use to be. -http://xubuntu.org/ XFCE -Started in '96 as a simpler environment needing less RAM and Processor power than GNOME and KDE. -It has become somewhat similar in appearance to what GNOME use to be. -http://xubuntu.org/ LXDE -Began in '06 in Taiwan. -Energy saving and extremely fast and performing desktop -Hardware requirements are similar to Windows 98Proc: Pentium II 266 MHzRAM: 192 MB -Used as a boot disk GUI for some distros. GNOME -Started in '97 after a disagreement over the use of non-free software use in KDE. -Made for desktop use and ease -Full name: GNU Network Object Model Environment ===============SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT============== APT COMMANDS -apt-get update -Updates the local list of available packages from online repositories -apt-get upgrade -Downloads and upgrades the installed packages to the latest version found in the local listing -apt-get install motion -Installs the program 'motion' -apt-get install mplayer chromium-browser -Installs 'mplayer' and 'chromium-browser' APT COMMANDS -apt-get remove mplayer -Removes the package mplayer but leaves behind config files and dependencies. -apt-get purge mplayer -Removes 'mplayer' and it's config files. Will leave behind dependencies. There's an error on page 147 in the book. So watch out for that. See the errata. -apt-get autoremove -Removes unneeded dependencies from the system. -apt-get clean -Removes all cached packages that have been downloaded from repositories -apt-get dist-upgrade -Upgrades all installed packages like apt-get upgrade, does more dangerous installation of newest kernel, also removes unneeded packages like autoremove -do-release-upgrade -Upgrade the operating system of Ubuntu to the latest release (14.04 LTS -> 16.04 LTS) APT-CACHE COMMANDS -apt-cache search kde -Search package list for a regular expression pattern "kde" -apt-cache search -n kde -Search package list for a regular expression pattern "kde". Only search on package names not the long descriptions. (see man page). -apt-cache search -n ^kde -Search package list for a regular expression pattern "kde". Only search on package names not the long descriptions. (see man page). Matches must start with kde. -apt-cache showpkg kde-full -Show the package details of kde-full. Notice the checksums, the locations, and dependencies. You can bet that each dependency has a series of dependencies of its own. DPKG COMMANDS -dpkg install skype.deb -dpkg --get-selections -Show all installed software packages. -dpkg --configure -a -Restart install from last successful command. (useful for apt-get upgrades that fail). OPENSUSE SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION -zypper command is used to manage software that is based on Internet repositories. -zypper update -Updates the installed packages to newest version -zypper install motion-Installs the motion package -zypper remove motion-Removes the motion package -The rpm command can manage .rpm files and software that are not on repositories. REDHAT/CENTOS SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION -The yum command manages RedHat based package management. CentOS is RHEL Server without paid subscription. -yum update -Updates the installed packages to the latest version -yum install nano -Installs the nano file editor -yum remove nano -Removes the nano file editor -The rpm command can manage .rpm files and software that are not on repositorie ==================THE SHELL CH 11================== Command Line 101... -The Command Interpreter (a.k.a SHELL) deciphers commands entered at the command prompt -The Command Interpreter: -Interprets commands with their options and arguments -Translates special characters -Finds the location of the command -Executes the command Command Line 101... -Most popular shells: -Ash -Bash - Most popular; Linux standard -Csh -Ksh -Tcsh -zsh Common Shell Features -Command history -Press the up/down arrows to view previously entered commands -Also can type "history" -Command completion using TAB Basic Commands -cdcd cd .. cd ~ cd - cd / -lsls ls -l ls -i ls -a ls / -manman lsman man man cd -cat(concatenate) cat afile bfile cfile -cpcp source destination -mvmv source destination -more/lessmore /etc/hosts less /etc/hosts -grep grep pattern /etc/somefile -top Basic Commands -echoecho "This line" echo $PATH -find find / -name hosts -locatelocate hosts -vivi /etc/hosts -emacsemacs /etc/hosts -Wildcards(*, ?)mv logfile?.txt logfiles/cp * /bkup/2014-09 Basic Commands (cont.) -mkdir-p this/that/theother -Makes the parent directories-md can be used instead of mkdir -rm(example: rm *; rm -rf) -Remove directories and files, -rf=recursive force -shred afile -Default use above just overwrites the file. -Some good options: -vzu (verbose, zero, remove file)-limited effectiveness in journaled file systems Basic Commands (cont.) -man- -k (searches) -Online -info(example: info coreutils) -Replacement for MAN -http capabilities for jumping to different topics -| (Pipe)-Send the output of one command to the input of another. ifconfig |grep addr -Multiple piping: ifconfig |sort |grep addr Basic Commands (cont.) -Which- path of shell commands -Headand Tail- view head or tail of file -Tar- archive utility for packaging files -Aka tarball: tar -xvf file.tar ortar -xzvf file.tar.gz -Makes many files into one or one file into many -No compression without another program -gzip -Gzip- file compression utility Basic Commands (cont.) -useradd -useradd -m test -groupadd -groupmod Common Tasks -Redirecting (> or >>) -Take the standardout (stdout) of a program and direct it into a file -> is to create/overwrite a file and input data ->> is to create/append to a file -Pipelining or using the | symbol -head afile | sort > bfile Grab first 10 lines of afile and send the output to sort. Then, have sort redirect its output to a file called bfile Other special characters -. -.. -? -* -~ Ownership and Permissions -drwxrwxrwx - the mode -"ls -l" to view security/mode -chmod- change mode/security -Ex.: chmod u+rwx afile -Alphanumeric: u+rwx,go-rwx--rwx------ -Numeric: 700--rwx------ -chown- change owner -touch- update modify date or create file File and Folder Links -ln file1 file2 -Hard link: data of file1 to a second MBR entry named file2. Links the inodes. -Appears as a regular file. -Data is not available after all hard links are removed. -ln -s file1 file1link -A shortcut to a file name -Looks like a link in the directory listing Other Terms -Compile - To process source code to make a program. -Standard Input (aka. stdin) - keyboard -Standard output (aka. Stdout) - scree |
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