| Frederick is reading about the ways in which learning can be influenced by different factors. He comes to reasonable conclusions that are supported by the information he gathers. What is Frederick doing? | critical thinking |
| mother and older sister, but Jacob's mother thinks that his skills and interests come from growing up in a household full of skaters. What long-standing debate is at the heart of the disagreement between Jacob's parents? | the nature/nurture debate |
| Josiah has formed a theory that consumption of sugar makes it difficult for people to fall asleep within one hour. He has designed a study where his hypothesis is that the more sugar people eat, the longer it will take before they can go to sleep. What should Josiah do next? | test his hypothesis |
| Judith is conducting an experiment on mood and problem solving. She plans to have study participants read either a funny story or a sad story before taking a math test. What is the dependent variable in Judith's study? | the number of math problems participants correctly solve |
| Kerrie is an undergraduate who is thinking about majoring in psychology. She also works part time, and she is very interested in how her company builds morale and helps motivate her coworkers. What subfield of psychology might Kerrie want to examine more closely? | organizational psychology |
| Louisa is writing an essay that discusses the concept of dualism, which says that the mind and body are separate but connected parts of a person. Which philosopher's writings should Louisa pay special attention to? | Descartes |
| Psychologists are scientists who study behavior and mental processes through observation and measurement. What is this approach to understanding psychology called? | empiricism |
| Psychologists from which school of thought are concerned with functions that behaviorism cannot explain, such as intelligence and problem solving? | cognitive psychology |
| Which level of analysis in psychology examines the differences that exist between people in personality and mental processes that affect perception and understanding? | individual level |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the three key questions to ask when thinking critically? | What are the social repercussions of holding this belief? |
| Which of the following statements about ethical research is FALSE? | It is unethical to observe people in public without their knowledge. |
| Which psychological school of thought arose from Freud's attempts to understand connections between psychology and physical problems? | psychoanalytic theory |
| hich psychological school of thought focused on how to study subjective perspectives as a unified whole? | Gestalt psychology |
| Which scenario would be most relevant to interpersonal behavior researchers, who work at the social level of analysis? | Tawny's boyfriend does not treat her very well, but every time she comes close to breaking up with him, he persuades her to give him another chance. |
| You see a newspaper headline that claims that eating pizza is deadly. However, when you read the original scientific article cited in the news, you notice that investigators only found a correlation between pizza consumption and death over a 10-year period. Given what you know about correlation, how would you explain this relationship? | Pizza consumption and death are related somehow, but a correlational study is not able to reveal any kind of causal relationship. |
| After a very stressful midterm exam, Sherri needed to relax. As she lay on her bed, she felt her breathing slow and her heart rate decrease. Which of the following divisions of Sherri's autonomic nervous system was likely in control of her organs? | parasympathetic |
| After her car accident, Sheila had to be placed on a respirator because she could no longer breathe on her own. Sheila's injuries were most likely located in the part of the brain known as the | medulla. |
| Angela accidently ingested an acetylcholine antagonist. Which of the following statements accurately describes the most likely effect of the drug? | The drug may cause deficits in Angela's memory. |
| Daiyo, a behavioral geneticist, is studying the interaction of heredity and environment. When he looks at monozygotic twins, what will he probably see in their phenotypes? | Their genotypes will predispose them toward certain traits, but their environments influence whether those traits are expressed in their phenotypes. |
| Ebony is currently asleep in her bed, and her brain is getting ready to wake her up to start the day. Which part of her hindbrain is responsible for regulating these functions, as well as coordinating movement in the left and right sides of her body? | pons |
| Ellie and Samantha are monozygotic twins who were raised in different families and have never met. What trait could one expect them to have in common? | All the answer options are correct. |
| For Inez to be able to get out of bed in the morning, which of the following must occur at the neural level? | Her terminal buttons have to release neurotransmitters. |
| Marco and Lilah are male and female twins born 5 minutes apart. Some people call them "fraternal" twins, but you know that the technical name is __________ twins. | dizygotic |
| ichard is researching the biological underpinnings of the advertising notion that "sex sells." To investigate, while an fMRI monitors their subcortical brain activity, men and women view video advertisements that are highly erotic. Which of the following predictions best reflects the likely results of the study? | men's amygdalae will be more active than women's. |
| When Elaine's hand accidently touched the hot stove, she quickly pulled it away. She didn't even have to think about it; moving her hand seemed to occur automatically. It is unlikely that this could have been possible without the effective operation of which nervous system? | somatic |
| When you receive touch information it is processed in the somatosensory cortex of your brain, which is located in the ___________ lobe. | parietal |
| Which of the following are the two most basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system? | somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system |
| Which step of neural communication involves a neuron assessing the signals that it is receiving from other sources? | integration |
| While Captain Montagne is flying the airplane full of passengers from New York to Houston, she engages the autopilot so that the plane will fly itself automatically for a while. Which part of your nervous system is similar to the autopilot of the airplane? | autonomic nervous systemWhile Captain Montagne is flying the airplane full of passengers from New York to Houston, she engages the autopilot so that the plane will fly itself automatically for a while. Which part of your nervous system is similar to the autopilot of the airplane? |
| A baby who shows little interest in her caregiver would likely be classified as having a(n) __________ attachment style. | avoidant |
| Abrahim, a sophomore in college, is in Erikson's "identify versus role confusion" stage. According to Erikson's theory, what might Abrahim be doing? | wanting to change his major every few months |
| Devon worked for a major corporation for 20 years but recently switched jobs because she wanted to make a larger contribution to her community and help young people who are disadvantaged. Now she works for a nonprofit organization that promotes public awareness about teenage runaways. According to Erikson, Devon is working through the developmental stage of | generativity versus stagnation. |
| Jason, a health teacher, explains to his class that for a __________ to be created, the sperm of a male must unite with the egg from a female, a process that takes place during the __________ prenatal period. | zygote; germinal |
| Katrice is 86 years old. She has never been married, has no children, and lives alone. She has only one or two friends whom she rarely sees, and as she thinks back over her life she realizes that she never did most of the things she wanted to do. She now is full of regret and feels that she has wasted her life. According to Erikson, Katrice is most likely experiencing the psychosocial crisis of | despair. |
| Ken, who is now in his 70s, finds all of the following tasks more difficult than when he was younger except for | remembering events that occurred when he was a child. |
| Louann is expecting her first child and her best friend asks her how far along in the pregnancy she is. "I'll give you a hint," Louann says. "I'm in the prenatal period that is a critical time for organ formation." Louann's friend has taken a course in developmental psychology, so she knows that the baby is in the __________ period. | embryonic |
| One-year-old Finster seems to believe that his father is intentionally trying to frustrate him, as he shows signs of irritation when his father teases him. This means Finster has likely developed a theory of | mind |
| Rena is pregnant, and she is also a heavy consumer of alcohol. If she continues to drink during her pregnancy, it may affect her baby. Which of the following outcomes is the most likely impact drinking will have on her child? | Her baby's abnormalities may include a small head and malformations of the face and limbs. |
| Russell is at a video game store with his friends, and he sees an opportunity to steal a new video game without being seen. He decides not to steal the game because his friends will not think it is cool to do that. Russell is likely operating at Kohlberg's __________ level of moral development. | conventional |
| Tashina is studying the process of prenatal development and is interested in the way the environment affects a baby’s prenatal development. She spends time studying how birth defects can occur in a developing baby due to environmental influences called | teratogens. |
| The most important time for the physical development of a baby's spinal cord, brain, and all internal organs is the __________ period. | embryonic |
| To try to get her baby to feed, which of the following should Jackie attempt to trigger in her newborn baby? | rooting reflex |
| When Marcia and Stanley drop their 12-month-old son off at day care, he does not seem at all disturbed that they are leaving. He prefers to play by himself or with other kids. When they show up later on to pick him up, he crawls away from them. Based on this, the toddler is most likely demonstrating a(n) __________ attachment to his parents. | avoidant |
| While walking home, Danny finds a wallet containing $100. He turns in the wallet and money at the police station. He thinks that he did the right thing because it is what his parents and others would have expected him to do. According to Kohlberg, Danny is in the __________ level of moral reasoning. | conventional |
| Abel and Junko are both artists, but Able works in a theater while Junko paints and draws. When working with color, Abel uses light and Junko uses pigment. Abel's art relies on _____ and Junko's on _______. | Additive color mixing; subtractive color mixing. |
| Brenda is a sales clerk restocking sweaters on shelves. Because it is winter, the sweaters are not on sale and are marked full price. However, Brenda places the entire inventory of sweaters on the "half-off" shelves. In signal detection theory, this would be considered a _____. | miss |
| Glenna goes to the concert given by her daughter's third-grade orchestra, even though she knows the students will play out of tune. As the instruments play, the sound waves travel into Glenna's auditory canals and strike tightly stretched membranes. The sensory process by which Glenna will hear the music begins with the vibration of the | eardrum |
| Jess is skating in a roller derby bout. A referee blows her whistle to signal the end of the jam. In the process called perception, | Jess's brain processes the signals and constructs a representation of the whistle, which means "stop skating." |
| Katie notices there is a new barista at her favorite coffee shop. She also notices that her vanilla latte tastes just slightly sweeter than usual. The taste is right at the __________ threshold. | difference |
| Merlin is getting older and losing his ability to hear. Luckily, his pet owl not only hears well but also can use cues to locate where a sound came from. The owl is able to do this because | sounds reach the closest ear first, and this small timing difference gives away the location |
| Moira hardly believed Professor Jaeger when he told her that we all have a blind spot in each visual field. The professor explained that blind spots exist because | no rods or cones exist on the spot where the optic nerve attaches to the retina. |
| Professor Atlas has a dull ache in his lower back, probably from hunching over his philosophy books for the past several weeks. Which nerve fibers are carrying the pain information to his brain? | slow fibers |
| Shelley has a cold and her nose is stuffed up so she cannot smell anything. It is likely that the cold is reducing Shelley’s sense of smell by affecting a structure located deep inside her nasal cavity called the | epithelium. |
| The Gestalt psychologists identified several principles that explain how visual grouping works. Which of the following was not one of them? | opponent-process |
| When Delmar visits the zoo, he is fascinated by the beautiful colors of the peacock's feathers. As the light from the animal's tail feathers passes through Delmar's pupils, it is then focused onto the back of the eye by an adjustable transparent structure called the | lens |
| When Lola walks into her favorite Chinese restaurant, she instantly smells delicious food that she cannot wait to taste. As the oderants enter her nose, they are converted from a physical stimulus to a neural signal in a process called | transduction |
| When Lydia eats her favorite ice cream, taste receptors convert the chemical molecules into signals transmitted to the brain by the __________ in the process of __________. | facial nerve; transduction |
| When listening to her favorite female vocalist, Maggie's auditory system encodes different frequencies at different locations on her basilar membrane. This mechanism for encoding frequency is called | place coding |
| Which of the following is the most accurate statement about Cyril, who is a "supertaster"? | He is more likely than others to feel pain when eating very spicy foods. |
| Anya was taking some medicine that upset her stomach. Later that day, when she drank orange juice, she became violently ill. Since then, Anya feels sick to her stomach if she even thinks about orange juice. One day when Anya is out with friends, the waitress puts a glass of grapefruit juice near her. Anya immediately feels sick to her stomach. Anya's nausea in response to the grapefruit juice is most likely the result of | stimulus generalization. |
| Bri is a new student at a community college. This term, she has classes in the A Wing, C Wing, and D Wing, but not in the B Wing. However, she has to walk through the B Wing all the time to get to her classes. Next term, Bri will have a class in the B Wing. She already knows exactly where the room is. This is best explained by | cognitive map. |
| EunKyung's oven is dirty, and it smokes whenever she bakes anything. EunKyung is worried that it will catch fire, so whenever she smells smoke while baking, she quickly checks the oven. EunKyung is most likely experiencing a form of non-associative learning called | sensitization. |
| Fred's sister just got a cat. Fred is allergic to the cat, and whenever it gets near him, Fred sneezes. Fred's sister puts a collar with a bell on the cat, so Fred will know when it is nearby. Soon, whenever Fred hears the bell, even from far away, his nose begins to itch. In this situation, Fred has experienced classical conditioning, where the unconditioned response is the | sneezing. |
| Gustavo watched a cooking show on television demonstrating how to make chicken parmesan. Even though he has never made chicken parmesan, he explains to a friend how to make it. Gustavo's knowledge of cooking chicken parmesan is best explained by | observational learning |
| Lorraine just got a new puppy, and she wants to train it to go through the flap in the back door. Every third time the puppy goes through the flap, Lorraine gives him a doggie treat. Lorraine is using a __________ schedule of reinforcement to train the puppy. | fixed ratio |
| Pippy is playing a joke on her brother. Every time he turns on the television with the remote control, she screams "BOO!" at him as loudly as she can. When she repeatedly pairs the remote control with the scream she is in which stage of classical conditioning? | Stage 2—presenting the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus |
| Poor baby Ezra was born with a very specific type of brain damage: he has no mirror neurons in his brain. The lack of mirror neurons will most likely affect Ezra's ability to learn through | observation. |
| Seven-year-old Michelle used to use her mother's perfume all the time, but Michelle's mother would yell at her when she found out. Based on these experiences, Michelle has learned to not use the perfume. Michelle's learning is most likely the result of __________ in the brain. | long-term potentiation |
| Thomas is a 10-year-old boy in treatment for his phobia of dogs. His therapist gives Thomas his favorite treats whenever he can be near a dog without crying. Now Thomas can be in the same room with a dog without being afraid. The therapist successfully treated Thomas's phobia through the use of | counterconditioning. |
| When you bring home a new cat, you have to teach him to use the litter box. First you show him the box, and give him a treat. Then you put his paws in the box, and you give him a treat. Finally you give him a treat once he uses the box when it is "time to go." You have used the process of __________ to teach your cat to use the litter box. | shaping |
| Which of the following is NOT a part of the definition of learning? | permanent |
| Which of the following is the best example of sensitization? | Rachel did not pay any attention to the beeping from her refrigerator door alarm until she realized that it meant the door was left open and the cold air was escaping. Now when she hears the door alarm she runs to the kitchen to close the refrigerator door. |
| Which statement is best supported by Bandura's famous research using a Bobo doll? | My children may be learning to be violent when they watch violent wrestling television shows. |
| Your parents want to teach your little brother to stop whining. Your mother proposes taking away his toys whenever he whines. In this example, your mother wants to use __________ to reduce your brother's whining. | negative punishment |
| After a frustrating day encountering blank stares from her students, Katie reminds them that listening requires not just hearing but also | Attention |
| After striking her head on a window during a car accident, Shani is knocked unconscious. When she wakes up, she knows who she is but has no memory of the accident or where she was for several hours before the collision took place. What condition is Shani experiencing? | retrograde amnesia |
| After the room went dark, Gavin had a mental image of what everything looked like. But as soon as he tried to recall one specific detail, everything else faded. What type of memory store was Gavin experiencing? | Sensory |
| Ashley made an appointment to see her dentist at 2:30 PM on Friday. She wants to make sure that she remembers the visit, so she tells herself, "As soon as my 1:30 work meeting is over I'll go get my teeth cleaned." In order to move the information from her short-term to long-term storage Ashley is using the process of | Elaborative Rehersal |
| Carol seems to remember every detail about every conversation she has. She also remembers what everyone has given her for her birthday for the past several years. Which type of long-term memory is Carol known for? | Episodic |
| During a memory test, Diamond listens as a list of numbers is read to her. When the list is done she has to repeat the numbers from memory. Each time she correctly recalls all of the numbers, another number is added to the list. If Diamond has an average capacity of short-term storage, she should remember about __________ (plus or minus 2) numbers before she starts making errors. | 7 |
| Florian loves the boy band Directionless. When anyone asks him facts about the songs, such as how many top ten hits they have had, Dorian can tell them the correct information by accessing it from his __________ long-term storage. | semantic rehearsal |
| Patient J.B. suffered an injury and now has memory problems. He remembers his childhood, past events, and knowledge he has previously learned, but he does not form new explicit memories. Luckily, he can still learn new implicit tasks. What disorder does J.B. have? | anterograde amnesia |
| Phyllis hardly remembers any Italian now that she is studying French. Which of the following is this a case of? | retroactive interference |
| Recently, researchers have shown that during this process, old memories are susceptible to being changed or even erased. | reconsolidation |
| Rommell is studying for her final exam in Introduction to Art History. To do this, Rommell is putting information into her memory in the hopes that it will stay there, unaltered, until she has to access the information during the test. This process of maintaining information in her memory is called | Storage |
| Stephanie's ears perked up when she overheard her name from across the room. She had been in the middle of a conversation, but she still took note. How would filter theory explain this? | Stimuli that evoke emotions or provide important information readily capture our awareness, which is what happened in this case when Stephanie heard her name. |
| This semester, Kofi is studying a new way. After dinner, he brings his books to the empty lecture hall and studies there instead of in the dorm. He is hoping to get a boost from the | context-dependent memory effect. |
| Which of the following is the most accurate statement about working memory? | Items can be maintained in working memory as long as the person continues to pay attention to them. |
| While preparing for his first Chemistry exam, Jaden is studying the elements and trying to memorize their abbreviations. On test day, he is frustrated because he studied 30 elements but can only remember the abbreviation for the last 5. This tendency to remember items at the end of a list of data is called | the recency effect. |
| Laura's mother died from Huntington's disease. Unfortunately, after opting to take a genetic test, it was determined that Laura's __________ predisposed her to Huntington's | genotype |
| The lower parts of the brain function primarily in __________, whereas the outer layer of the brain functions mainly in __________. | survival; thought |
| Stanley likes to have a beer or two each day when he gets home from work. Given that his father and grandfather both struggled with alcoholism, should Stanley be concerned about his own drinking? | No-genes do not influence the predisposition to alcoholism. |
| Zhara has suffered damage to her forebrain and now has great difficulty forming new memories. Which subcortical structure of the forebrain has most likely been damaged? | hippocampus |
| James is a painter who continuously must adjust the tension of his brush-holding hand to execute strokes. The ability to control his grip is supported by the __________ nervous system, a subdivision of his __________ nervous system. | somatic; peripheral |
| While hiking in the mountains in Alaska, Pete encountered a giant grizzly bear. He immediately felt his heart rate increase, his breathing become rapid, and sweat drip down his back. These events were most likely due to effects of the neurotransmitter called | epinephrine |
| Jessie suffered damage to her brain and had difficulty forming new memories. Jessie's injury was most likely to the __________, which is a structure located in the brain region called the __________. | hippocampus; forebrain |
| Richard is researching the biological underpinnings of the advertising notion that "sex sells." To investigate, while an fMRI monitors their subcortical brain activity, men and women view video advertisements that are highly erotic. Which of the following predictions best reflects the likely results of the study? | AMAB amygdala will be more active than AFAB |
| Richard is researching the biological underpinnings of the advertising notion that "sex sells." To investigate, while an fMRI monitors their subcortical brain activity, men and women view video advertisements that are highly erotic. Which of the following predictions best reflects the likely results of the study? | Men's amygdalas will be more active than women's |
| After a very stressful midterm exam, Sherri needed to relax. As she lay on her bed, she felt her breathing slow and her heart rate decrease. Which of the following divisions of Sherri's autonomic nervous system was likely in control of her organs? | parasympathetic |
| When Debbie twisted her ankle while running, which nervous system transmitted information from specialized receptors in her ankle joint to her brain? | somatic |
| Which of the following are the two most basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system? | somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system |
| Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the neurotransmitter dopamine? | A lack of dopamine leads to disturbances in motor functioning |
| Language production largely takes place in the left frontal cortex in which of the following regions of the brain? | Broca's area |
| Jackie and Roberto are having an argument. Roberto claims that men's and women's brains are more different in their structure and capabilities than they are similar. Jackie argues that they are similar in most ways. Given current research findings, who is most correct? | Jackie, because although there are some differences, research suggests men's and women's brains are in similar most ways. |
| While on spring break in Acapulco, May decided to do some cliff diving. As she stood at the edge of a 50-foot cliff, her heart raced, her respiration increased, and she sweated profusely. Which of the following divisions of May's autonomic nervous system had been activated by this experience? | sympathetic |
| When Amy stepped on a sharp nail, she felt pain. For her to feel pain, there must have been sufficient __________ of a neuron to create __________, which is the first step in neural communication. | stimulation; an action potential |
| When gardening, a bee stung Franco on the wrist, resulting in sharp pain. To experience pain in his wrist, Franco's nervous system had to do which three things with action potentials? | transmit; receive; integrate |
| Daiyo, a behavioral geneticist, is studying the interaction of heredity and environment. When he looks at monozygotic twins, what will he probably see in their phenotypes? | Their genotypes will cause them to have very different phenotypes. |
| After a bad fall while rock climbing, Charisa experienced profound alterations in her ability to initiate voluntary movements, such as moving her eyes or reaching for a cup of water. Which brain structure did Charisa's injuries most likely affect? | substantia nigra |
| After her car accident, Sheila had to be placed on a respirator because she could no longer breathe on her own. Sheila's injuries were most likely located in the part of the brain known as the | medulla |
| Angela accidently ingested an acetylcholine antagonist. Which of the following statements accurately describes the most likely effect of the drug? | this drug may cause deficits in memory |
| Daiyo, a behavioral geneticist, is studying the interaction of heredity and environment. When he looks at monozygotic twins, what will he probably see in their phenotypes? | Their genotypes will predispose them toward certain traits, but their environments influence whether those traits are expressed in their phenotypes. |
| Ebony is currently asleep in her bed, and her brain is getting ready to wake her up to start the day. Which part of her hindbrain is responsible for regulating these functions, as well as coordinating movement in the left and right sides of her body? | pons |
| Ellie and Samantha are monozygotic twins who were raised in different families and have never met. What trait could one expect them to have in common? | career achievement, likelihood to start fights, IQ score |
| For Inez to be able to get out of bed in the morning, which of the following must occur at the neural level? | Their terminal buttons need to release neurotransmitters |
| Marco and Lilah are male and female twins born 5 minutes apart. Some people call them "fraternal" twins, but you know that the technical name is __________ twins. | dizygotic |
| When Elaine's hand accidently touched the hot stove, she quickly pulled it away. She didn't even have to think about it; moving her hand seemed to occur automatically. It is unlikely that this could have been possible without the effective operation of which nervous system? | somatic |
| When you receive touch information it is processed in the somatosensory cortex of your brain, which is located in the ___________ lobe. | parietal |
| Which of the following are the two most basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system? | somatic, autonomic |
| Which step of neural communication involves a neuron assessing the signals that it is receiving from other sources? | integration |
| While Captain Montagne is flying the airplane full of passengers from New York to Houston, she engages the autopilot so that the plane will fly itself automatically for a while. Which part of your nervous system is similar to the autopilot of the airplane? | autonomic nervous system |
| Zhara has suffered damage to her forebrain and now has great difficulty forming new memories. Which subcortical structure of the forebrain has most likely been damaged? | hippocampus |
| This drug is an acetylcholine agonist | Nicotine |
| Which of the following is true about the functions of dendrites and axons? | Dendrites detect information from neighboring neurons, whereas axons transmit information. |
| Jason was very stressed out and decided to get a massage. In order to fully experience the stress-relieving benefits of touch, the three functions of Jason's nervous system had to be intact. That is, his nervous system had to be able to do which three things (in the order listed)? | First process, then transmit, and finally integrate sensory information. |
| The probability of an action potential being propagated from neuron to neuron is increased when the __________ neuron's signal is __________. | postsynaptic; excitatory |
| Which region of the brain regulates basic bodily functions, such as heart rate and breathing, and in which division is it located? | brain stem, located in the hindbrain |
| Sammy is doing research that involves placing objects in the visual fields of visually impaired elderly men. He wants to discover what specific neurons fire in response to the features of the objects. The study requires electrodes to be implanted in the men's brains. In which part of the brain would you suggest Sammy place the electrodes? | occipital lobe |
| Jessie suffered damage to her brain and had difficulty forming new memories. Jessie's injury was most likely to the __________, which is a structure located in the brain region called the __________. | hippocampus; forebrain |
| Frank is studying the effects of concussion on memory. He wants to observe the brain activity of victims as they perform memory tasks in real time. Which of the following brain imaging methods is the most appropriate for the study? | fMRI |
| Seven-year-old Samantha suffered trauma to the language centers in the left hemisphere of her brain as a result of a bicycle accident. Although she did have some language deficits after the trauma, she eventually was able to recover much of what she'd lost because new growth in non-affected areas of the brain made up for the damage. This ability to recover from brain trauma in this fashion is an example of | brain reorganization. |
| After his stroke, Brian slowly recovered function in his right arm. The property of the brain that supports learning and recovery of functions lost after brain trauma and that reflects the interactive nature of biological and environmental influences is called | plasticity |
| Janna and Sarah are identical twins who were raised apart. Lisa and Shirley are nonrelated adopted siblings who were raised in the same home. Which pair would you expect to be more similar in personality traits like intelligence and shyness? | This question cannot be answered without knowing how intelligent or shy the people who raised these siblings are. |
| What are the 3 basic functions of the Nervous System? | 1.Receive sensory input from the senses 2. Processes the information in the brain 3. Respond to the information by acting on it. |
| The central nervous system is comprised of the _______ and ________ , while the peripheral nervous is comprised of the _________ and the ________ | 1. spinal cord 2. brain 3. somatic nervous system 4. autonomic nervous system |
| Neurons operate through _____________ impulses, communicate with other neurons through ________ signals, and form neural _________ | 1. electrical 2. chemical 3. networks |
| The neuron begins in a resting state. During this state, the electrical charge inside the neuron is slightly more negative than the electrical charge outside. | True |
| The electrical impulse travels along the axon and then jumps across the synapse. | False |
| Neurotransmitters are __________ substances that carry signals from one neuron to another. | chemical |
| Hormones are _____ substances released from ______ glands. They travel through the bloodstream to targeted __________ which are later influenced by the hormones | 1. chemical substances 2. endocrine 3. tissues |
| The nervous system uses______ signals, and the _______ system uses chemicals called hormones. | 1. electro-chemical 2. endocrine |
| Your genetic makeup is called your _______ and your observable physical and psychological characteristics are called your _______ | 1. genotype 2. phenotype |
| _________ generally have larger brains than ________ . Although, larger is not necessarily better. | this answer is not compatible with society |
| A baby who shows little interest in her caregiver would likely be classified as having a(n) __________ attachment style. Select one: a. secure b. ambivalent c. avoidant d. anxious | avoidant |
| Abrahim, a sophomore in college, is in Erikson's "identify versus role confusion" stage. According to Erikson's theory, what might Abrahim be doing? | wanting to change his major every few months |
| Devon worked for a major corporation for 20 years but recently switched jobs because she wanted to make a larger contribution to her community and help young people who are disadvantaged. Now she works for a nonprofit organization that promotes public awareness about teenage runaways. According to Erikson, Devon is working through the developmental stage of | generativity versus stagnation |
| Jason, a health teacher, explains to his class that for a __________ to be created, the sperm of a male must unite with the egg from a female, a process that takes place during the __________ prenatal period. | zygote; germinal |
| Katrice is 86 years old. She has never been married, has no children, and lives alone. She has only one or two friends whom she rarely sees, and as she thinks back over her life she realizes that she never did most of the things she wanted to do. She now is full of regret and feels that she has wasted her life. According to Erikson, Katrice is most likely experiencing the psychosocial crisis of | despair |
| Ken, who is now in his 70s, finds all of the following tasks more difficult than when he was younger except for | remembering events that occurred when he was a child |
| Louann is expecting her first child and her best friend asks her how far along in the pregnancy she is. "I'll give you a hint," Louann says. "I'm in the prenatal period that is a critical time for organ formation." Louann's friend has taken a course in developmental psychology, so she knows that the baby is in the __________ period. | embryonic |
| One-year-old Finster seems to believe that his father is intentionally trying to frustrate him, as he shows signs of irritation when his father teases him. This means Finster has likely developed a theory of | mind |
| Rena is pregnant, and she is also a heavy consumer of alcohol. If she continues to drink during her pregnancy, it may affect her baby. Which of the following outcomes is the most likely impact drinking will have on her child? | Her baby's abnormalities may include a small head and malformations of the face and limbs |
| Russell is at a video game store with his friends, and he sees an opportunity to steal a new video game without being seen. He decides not to steal the game because his friends will not think it is cool to do that. Russell is likely operating at Kohlberg's __________ level of moral development. | conventional |
| Tashina is studying the process of prenatal development and is interested in the way the environment affects a baby's prenatal development. She spends time studying how birth defects can occur in a developing baby due to environmental influences called | teratogens |
| The most important time for the physical development of a baby's spinal cord, brain, and all internal organs is the __________ period. | embryonic |
| To try to get her baby to feed, which of the following should Jackie attempt to trigger in her newborn baby? | rooting reflex |
| When Marcia and Stanley drop their 12-month-old son off at day care, he does not seem at all disturbed that they are leaving. He prefers to play by himself or with other kids. When they show up later on to pick him up, he crawls away from them. Based on this, the toddler is most likely demonstrating a(n) __________ attachment to his parents | secure |
| While walking home, Danny finds a wallet containing $100. He turns in the wallet and money at the police station. He thinks that he did the right thing because it is what his parents and others would have expected him to do. According to Kohlberg, Danny is in the __________ level of moral reasoning. | conventional |
| Anastasia is 6 weeks pregnant. At this time, the developing baby is in the __________ period, which is the most important time for physical development of the __________. | embryonic; internal organs |
| Baby Resa is able to stand while holding on to something for support but cannot crawl or walk yet. According to what is known about average ages of the acquisition of motor skills, about how old is Resa? | 6 months |
| Chong is 12 years of age and has just begun puberty. Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic that might develop soon for Chong? | the development of sperm cells |
| Donna, Roxanne, and Millie are all drug users—Donna uses nicotine, Roxanne uses opiates, and Millie uses alcohol. If they continue to use these drugs while pregnant, which of the women is putting her child at the greatest risk of sudden infant death? | Roxanne |
| During her pregnancy, Alison drank alcohol on a regular basis, not realizing that this would increase the risk that her baby would be born with fetal alcohol syndrome. Which of the following is NOT one of the symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome in a newborn baby? | an increased risk of autism |
| Francine is 85 and looks back at her life with some satisfaction regarding her choice of work, her family values, and her community involvement. However, she also has a few regrets. Her reflections on her life represent which of Erikson's developmental stage crises? | integrity versus despair |
| In deciding whether he should return a wallet he found in the street to its owner, Timmy thinks, "Wow, there's $50 in this wallet. No one will even know if I just take the money and throw the wallet in the river." Timmy's thinking about what action to take suggests he's at which stage of moral reasoning? | preconventional |
| Inez, who is 5 months pregnant, is thrilled when she begins to feel her baby move inside her. At which stage of prenatal development is her baby? | fetal |
| Julia is 83 and participates in a seniors' exercise group. Mark and Maria, who are the same age as Julia, participate in a book club and meet twice a week with friends for coffee. Bob, also 83, spends most of his time watching television. All else being equal, who among them is most likely to develop dementia? | Bob |
| Lesa has just discovered that she is going to have a baby and is in the first 2 weeks of the pregnancy. You would be correct if you said that Lesa is in the ________ period of her pregnancy. | germinal |
| Marisol is an infant. Her mother picks her up and gently strokes the side of her cheek, which makes Marisol turn her head to the side of the cheek that was stroked. This is an example of the __________ reflex. | rooting |
| Mercedes takes her 14-month-old son, Justice, to a playground. While he is in the sandbox a stranger begins to play with him, and Justice seems to prefer playing with the stranger to playing his mother. Moreover, when Mercedes leaves Justice to play in the sandbox and takes a seat on a nearby bench, Justice does not become upset. Justice's behavior indicates that he and Mercedes | share an avoidant attachment relationship |
| Seventeen-year-old Juan thinks he wants to be a preschool teacher, but he also wants to be a professional boxer. According to Erikson, Juan is most likely experiencing the major psychosocial crisis known as | identity versus role confusion |
| Sherri is a 29-year old woman who has finished school and is successful in her career. She has not been able to find a long-term relationship that is stable and has started wondering if she will ever find someone who she will want to marry. Erik Erikson would say that Sherri is struggling with the psychosocial crisis of | isolation |
| Which developmental behavior do most babies experience at about 1 year of age when their parent is out of sight or when they are with a nonparent caregiver? | separation anxiety |
| According to Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences, Boris, who is an accomplished dancer, would likely be higher in __________ intelligence, whereas Amber, a successful computer scientist, would probably score high on __________ intelligence. | bodily-kinesthetic; mathematical/logical |
| Chuck tells his son Jeff that it's complicated to explain what a "muscle car" is. But, Chuck says, "the best example of a muscle car from the 1960s is the Mustang." Chuck has explained this concept of the muscle car based on using the | prototype model. |
| Coleman is currently 30 years old. He took the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and was told that his score was 110. If the test is __________, when Coleman retakes the same intelligence test again at age 50 his score will likely still be 110. | reliable |
| Dewey tells Skip that the prettiest girl in their English class is flirting with him and wants to date him. Skip tries to remember whether he has seen this girl flirt or date anyone, but he has never seen her pursue anyone romantically. Based on this, he concludes that Dewey is not right in his assessment of the situation. In this scenario, Skip used __________ to determine if Dewey's message was valid. | informal reasoning |
| Huck is writing a paper examining the three aspects of triarchic theory of intelligence as proposed by Robert Sternberg. Which of the following would not be a topic that Huck would cover in this essay | interpersonal intelligence |
| Jannelle and all her high school classmates are taking a test. This test assesses how much information these students have learned in various subjects. What kind of test are they taking? | achievement test |
| Jenny's best friend Doris got a bad case of food poisoning after eating at a Mexican restaurant. For weeks afterward, every time Jenny spent time with her, Doris would go on and on about how awful it was. Now Jenny refuses to touch Mexican food because she thinks she may get sick too. It appears Jenny has fallen prey to the bias in decision making called | the availability heuristic |
| Jessie is taking a specific kind of cognitive test. She is asked to watch a light while she keeps one finger on a button. If the light flashes red she is to press the button, but if it flashes blue she is to leave the button untouched. The experimenter records how long it takes her to push the button in this task. This is an example of a __________ test | simple reaction time |
| Livinia and Matthew are arguing about the most typical sport to play. Livinia says that it is football and Matthew says that it is baseball. Livinia and Matthew are disagreeing about how to organize concepts according to | the prototype model |
| Terry was making a multilayered wedding cake. While trying to figure out a way to make the cake so it did not collapse, he remembered a bridge he once saw that had an interesting support system. That bridge gave him an idea of how to put the cake together. Terry solved this problem by | forming an appropriate analogy |
| The word "crow" is a(n) __________ for a type of bird, whereas the word "caw" is a(n) __________ for the sound a crow makes | symbolic representation; analogical representation |
| Victor and Stanislaus are two elderly gentlemen standing in line at the Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV). They are both waiting to take a written test on driving laws to renew their licenses. Stanislaus overhears a DMV employee commenting that elderly men usually perform worse on the exam than other groups of people, but Victor does not hear the comment. Victor scores higher than Stanislaus on the exam, even though their performances are usually quite similar. Stanislaus's lower score may have been due to the effect of | stereotype threat |
| When Kathy thinks of a lemon and imagines biting one, her mouth begins to water. In this example, the picture of the lemon in her mind is an example of a(n) __________ representation | analogical |
| Which barrier to problem solving are you failing to overcome when you continue to push on a door to get to the next room when what you really need to do (according to the sign on the door) is pull on it? | mental set |
| Which of the following is true about differences in intelligence between identical twins | Whether raised together or apart, identical twins score much more similarly on IQ tests than any other pairs of siblings. |
| Barry states that psychology is the study of mental activity. Candace remarks that psychology is the science of behavior. Which is the correct evaluation of these two statements? | Taken together, the statements are correct. |
| Friendly skepticism” means | being open to new ideas, while also being careful before accepting them |
| In the nature/nurture debate, the term nature refers to the question of how ________ factors affect the mind, brain, and behavior. | either biological or environmental |
| With respect to the nature/nurture debate, psychologists now believe that ________ is/are important in understanding the mind, brain, and behavior. | both nature & nurture |
| The subfield of cognitive psychology focuses on | Thinking, Memory, and attention |
| Psychological science occurs at which level(s) of analysis? | biological, social and individual |
| In psychology, the cultural level of analysis emphasizes the study of | Norms and Values |
| The type of psychologists who study, assess, and treat individuals with psychological disorders are called ________ psychologists. | clinical |
| Daniel is highly interested in workplace training and job placement. He would probably be most interested in speaking to a(n) ________ psychologist. | industrial/organizational |
| The type of psychologist who studies how people are affected by the presence of others is called a ________ psychologist. | social |
| The human body's nervous system is built from billions of nerve cells, which are called | neurons. |
| Which of the following best summarizes the main function(s) of your nervous system? | It allows you to receive sensory information, process that information, and then respond to it. |
| The brain and the spinal cord make up the ________ nervous system. | central |
| One part of the neuron covers and protects it much like bark that covers the trunk of a tree. In a neuron this protective covering is called | the myelin sheath. |
| Damage to the ________ might cause problems with coordination and balance. | cerebellum |
| The brain structure that is associated with the formation of memories is the | hippocampus. |
| Which of the following brain structures plays an important role in how we respond to fearful things? | hippocampus |
| The thalamus receives nearly all sensory information before relaying it to the cortex. What is the one sensation that is the exception to this rule? | smell |
| A child gets a severe blow to the head from an accident. Although her eyes are still fully functional, she can no longer see. Based on this information, her doctor determines that the brain area most likely damaged in the accident is the ________ lobes. | occipital |
| As you work outside in the yard, you work up a pretty good sweat. Your sweating is due in part to the functioning of your ________ system. | autonomic nervous |
| Nasim is driving on a snow-covered road, and her car begins to slide. The quick behavioral response and the increased heart rate and respiration she experiences are most likely due to the________ nervous system. The feeling of relief and decrease in heart rate and respiration once she has the car under control again are most likely due to the ________ nervous system. | sympathetic; parasympathetic |
| Helen keeps her new baby boy well fed and clean. However, she does not want to spoil him, so she does not hold him or touch him too much. After reading about Harry Harlow's research, Helen now knows that | babies need to be touched and held to develop normally. |
| Sally is playing ball with her friend Anne. When Anne leaves the ball on the couch and goes to the bathroom, Sally hides the ball behind the TV. Sally expects Anne to look for the ball on the couch when she comes back because Anne does not know the ball was moved while she was in the bathroom. Sally is demonstrating that she understands Anne has her own thoughts and intentions that are different from Sally's. Sally has developed | theory of mind. |
| During the strange-situation test, Grady begins crying when his mom leaves the room. When his mom returns, Grady holds up his arms, asking to be picked up. However, when his mom picks him up, he pushes her away angrily. Grady's behavior is consistent with a(n) ________ attachment style. | ambivalent |
| When trying to explain Piaget's theory of development to his roommate, Martin correctly states that development | consists of a series of qualitatively different stages of cognitive ability. |
| A child is playing at the beach. She pours an equal amount of sand into both a short, fat container and a tall, thin container. When asked which container holds more sand, the child points to the tall, thin container. This response suggests that she is most likely in the ________ stage of cognitive development. | preoperational |
| Sally is playing outside with her brother Micah one day and wants to push him down when he takes her swing. Sally does not push Micah, however, because she predicts that she will be punished with no television privileges after dinner if she does. Sally is most likely in the ________ stage of development. | formal operational |
| Damien likes to put all sorts of things, like bugs, dirt, and shoelaces, in his mouth. He also likes his toy train; however, he seems to lose interest in playing with the train whenever his brother hides it. Damien is most likely in the ________ stage of development. | sensorimotor |
| Anna is reading her psychology textbook. The light reflects off the words on the page and falls on the sensory receptors in her retina, which results in ________. Then her brain interprets thestimuli as particular words, which is called ________. | sensation; transduction |
| When sensory receptors change physical stimuli into signals that the brain can understand, this is called | transduction. |
| After transduction, the neural signals of vision, hearing, taste, and touch all pass through the | thalmus |
| The minimum intensity of sensory stimulation required before a sensation is detected 50 percent of the time is called | the absolute threshold |
| The area where the optic nerve leaves the retina is referred to as the | the blind spot |
| The________ is a thin inner surface behind the eyeball and it contains sensory receptors. | retna |
| ________ generate action potentials that are sent to the brain by the optic nerve. | Ganglion cells |
| When Jodi walks from the sunlight into a dark theater, her ________ cause(s) her ________ to enlarge to let in more light | iris; pupil |
| Encharta is sitting outside, looking at her beautiful garden. As the sun goes down, the colors become dull and finally the colors become shades of gray. This change happens because the | rods are taking over for the cones. |
| Colleen and LaVonne are playing darts. Colleen throws her dart into the center of the target, and LaVonne throws his dart into the outer ring. If we compare this scenario to the process of vision, Colleen would have been likely to hit a ________, and LaVonne would have been likely to hit a ________. | cone; rod |
| During Tammy's eye exam, a buzzer rings and a puff of air is blown into her eye, which makes her blink. This happens several times. Then Tammy blinks when she hears the buzzer because she expects that a puff of air will be blown into her eye. In this example, Tammy is showing ________ learning. | xsensitization observational *associative non-associative |
| When Billy's upstairs neighbor wakes up early to take a shower, Billy is typically awakened when the water starts, but then he gets used to the noise and goes back to sleep. In this example, Billy is showing learning through | *habituation. conditioning. sensitization. modeling. |
| Braxton's friend Shayla is caught cheating on a test and receives an F. Braxton learns the consequences of cheating by watching Shayla be punished for this action. Braxton has learned through | operant conditioning. sensitization. modeling. *vicarious conditioning. |
| You are driving to school when suddenly an ambulance rushes past you with its sirens blaring, so you quickly pull your car to the side of the road. A few minutes later, when you hear sirens in the distance, you get ready to quickly pull the car over again. You have learned to respond quickly to the sirens because of | *sensitization. vicarious conditioning. habituation. operant conditioning. |
| Fallon is afraid of loud sounds, like thunder. She associates lightning with thunder because it regularly precedes thunder. Thus, when Fallon sees lightning, she braces herself for hearing a big boom several seconds later. Fallon has experienced a certain kind of associative learning known as | sensitization. observational learning. *classical conditioning. habituation. |
| Every day after class, Jerome smells delicious pizza from Steel's Pizza House on his walk home and his mouth starts to water. One day, Jerome is riding the bus home from class and sees the Steel's Pizza House sign, and even this makes his mouth start to water. Jerome has most likely experienced all of the following EXCEPT | strengthening of synaptic connections. learning. long-term potentiation. *habituation. |
| After repeated studying, Cressida is able to remember all of the state capitals. Now when she hears the word Michigan, she quickly thinks of the word Lansing. Cressida's learning is most likely due to long-term potentiation, which | increases excitatory neural signals. *strengthens synaptic connections. decreases neurotransmitters in the synapse. releases glutamate in the brain. |
| At a football game, you cannot help but feel excited whenever your team scores a touchdown. Because this is an unlearned response, in terms of classical conditioning, it would be called a(n) | unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus. conditioned response. *unconditioned response. |
| Ralph ate sushi for lunch, and an hour later he felt sick to his stomach. In this situation, classical conditioning might occur. In other words, Ralph might learn an association between sushi and feeling sick because the two events | are not related. *are paired closely in timing. prohibit normal functioning. relate to biological needs. |
| Joseph used classical conditioning to teach his sister to be afraid of squirrels. If he is successful, the neutral stimulus, the squirrel, must have been paired with a(n) ________, such as ________. | neutral stimulus; a light turning on *unconditioned stimulus; a loud noise unconditioned response; an increased heartbeat conditioned response; running away |
| You want to teach your dog to stop scratching at the door when he wants to go out. You do so by swatting his nose with a newspaper each time he scratches the door. By creating consequences for your dog's behavior, you have used ________ to train him. | *operant conditioning modeling xclassical conditioning the Premack principle |
| Positive punishment causes a(n) ________ in behavior through the ________ of a stimulus. | increase; removal decrease; removal increase; addition *decrease; addition |
| In operant conditioning, removing a stimulus to increase a behavior in the future is called | positive punishment. positive reinforcement. *negative reinforcement. negative punishment. |
| When you are reading your textbook, your brain changes the words you are reading into a meaningful neural code that it can use. In memory, this process is called | xretrieval. *encoding. storage. attention. |
| After reading your textbook, you are able to maintain the bold, key words in coded representations in a network of neurons in your brain. In memory, this process is called | attention. *storage. encoding. retrieval. |
| In memory, the storage phase of information processing lasts | *variable amounts of time. xa fraction of a second. several seconds. several minutes. |
| While driving home, the car in front of you starts driving dangerously, so you concentrate on watching it. When you arrive home, you realize that you cannot remember anything from your drive home other than that car. Your memory is most likely due to the fact that we do not remember information | that exceeds the capacity of sensory storage. *to which we do not pay attention. that has two or more visual features. that is very complex. |
| Marianna takes the bus to school every day. One morning, a different bus is used on her route. Marianna does not notice the switch, even though her usual bus is blue and the new bus is red. Marianna most likely did not notice the different bus due to | *change blindness. shadowing. low capacity of sensory storage. high memory bias. |
| Kumar is trying to remember the name of his psychology professor from last semester. To answer this question, Kumar must search for information in his | *long-term storage. working memory. short-term storage. sensory storage. |
| Liora is reading her textbook. As her eyes scan the page, each visual image is retained for less than a second in her | working memory. *sensory storage. episodic memory. short-term storage. |
| The string of 16-digits 1776149217872014 is difficult to remember. If a person breaks them up into four groups of four digits (1776, 1492, 1787, and 2014), these numbers are easier to remember, due to the effect of | *chunking. maintenance rehearsal. dual coding. elaborative rehearsal. |
| Travis is taking a new medicine that has a side effect of disrupting his short-term storage. Based on this fact, you know that Travis will have difficultly recalling | a photograph he saw less than a second ago. *a phone number he heard 15 seconds ago. how to ride his bicycle. the multiplication tables he learned in third grade. |
| In a memory experiment, Group A is asked to listen to a list of words. Group B is asked to count the number of e's in the words. Group C is asked to use each word in a sentence. According to the levels of processing model, what will the results of the experiment be? | Group A will remember more words. Group B will remember more words. All groups will remember the same amount of words. *Group C will remember more words. |
| Addie told Callum her top 10 favorite movies. When he tries to recall the list later on, he can only remember the last two movies Addie mentioned. The fact that Callum only remembers the last two movies is most likely due to | implicit memory. the primacy effect. procedural memory. *the recency effect. |
| George has to recall the names of the first 20 presidents of the United States for his history test. According to the levels of processing model of memory, to remember the most names, George should | write the names down over and over again. repeat the names to himself many times. *relate the names to information he already knows. study in the same room where the test will be given. |
| Which of the following actions is an example of prospective memory? | remembering what you did last weekend daydreaming about your date next Friday *planning to pick up a library book on your way home tomorrow learning historical dates for your exam tomorrow |
| Which of the following is NOT an example of thinking? | translating your Spanish homework into English using a map to drive to a new store calculating the tip on your dinner bill *taking a nap with soft music playing |
| Dr. Earl is a cognitive psychologist who studies thinking. Which question is most relevant to Dr. Earls research? | How does a person's culture influence his or her career choice? How do we cope with tragic events? *How do we mentally rotate objects to “see” them from many angles? How does the behavior of a group affect one person? |
| When you use a city map to find your way to a restaurant, it has some physical characteristics of the actual objects-streets and their locations. Because of this, the map is a(n) ________ representation. | prototype symbolic exemplar *analogical |
| When you write out a list of directions to find your way to a restaurant, you are writing words that do not physically resemble the locations of the streets. Because of this you are using a(n) ________ representation. | algorithm analogical *symbolic heuristic |
| When people group several concepts together, such as baseball, basketball, and football, based on the shared property of being “ball sports,” they are creating a ________of the concepts. | xexemplar mental map *category prototype |
| Because she heard that her blind date was an accounting major, Cynthia imagined that he would be conservative, humorless, and dull. Cynthia's generalization of what an accounting student is like is an example of a(n) Because she heard that her blind date was an accounting major, Cynthia imagined that he would be conservative, humorless, and dull. Cynthia's generalization of what an accounting student is like is an example of a(n) | mental map. exemplar. *stereotype analogical representation. |
| Which of the following best describes problem solving? | selecting the best option among a set of alternatives using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable reasoning from general information to specific information *finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal |
| According to the paradox of choice, having some choice is good, and having even more choice | allows us to have insight about what we really want. makes people feel more satisfied with their decisions. forces people to use an algorithm to make decisions. *can be frustrating and impair thinking. |
| Last week, Alana saw a television show about a rare, but fatal, virus. Now, she has a runny nose and a fever and thinks she has contracted the virus. Alana's thinking is most likely based on | an algorithm. Xthe representativeness heuristic. *the availability heuristic. using framing. |
| After struggling to solve a physics problem, you take a break for lunch. When you go back to work on the problem, the solution suddenly pops into your head. In this case you used ________ to solve the problem. | restructuring a mental set *insight an analogy |
| When we encounter a difficult problem, thinking about the problem in a new way can help solve it. This technique is known as | using an analogy. *restructuring. using a mental set. functional fixedness. |
| You are studying for your exam when the electricity goes out. In order to have enough light to read your textbook, you put your cell phone in front of the page and use the light from the screen to read the book. You are able to successfully study for your exam because you avoid | working backward. *functional fixedness. using analogies. restructuring the problem. |
| Cara is a mechanic. She fixes three cars that will not start by replacing their batteries. When a fourth car is brought in and will not start, she assumes the problem is the battery. Cara's assumption is based on | an analogy restructuring. functional fixedness. *a mental set. |
| Right before her geometry exam, Julie heard a story about how women have trouble in geometry because it requires spatial manipulation. Even though she was prepared for the test, she did not do as well as she would have done had she not heard that story. Based on this, you know that Julie's performance was most likely impaired by | poor validity of the test. having a low IQ. *stereotype threat. poor reliability of the test. |
| After dating for only 2 months, Joel and Natalie broke up. They were unhappy together because Joel had always wanted to run off to the next party or club while Natalie was happier staying home and reading mystery novels. Which motivational factor was out of sync? | satisfaction of needs drive reduction pleasure principle optimal level of arousal |
| After nearly hitting a deer with her car, Nadia's heart began to race and her palms started sweating. Which of the following responses is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion? | Nadia realized she could have died, so she wanted to retreat into her home and not drive again. At the same time as her heart began to race and her palms started to sweat, Nadia experienced emotional fear. Nadia told herself she could have died, and then she felt fear. After she noticed her racing heart and sweaty palms, Nadia concluded that she was scared. |
| Arun and his husband, Kevin, are very upset that the home loan they applied for did not come through. Kevin tells Arun, "We will never make good decisions about trying to buy a home if we are upset. Let's just forget about it tonight and we'll talk about it tomorrow." Kevin is sharing advice that is consistent with the __________ theory. | James-Lange drive reduction Cannon-Bard affect-as-information |
| Because of its role in both emotion and memory, this part of the brain helps emotions like fear strengthen memories, which could be helpful for avoiding future harmful situations. | amygdala pituitary gland hippocampus hypothalamus |
| Becky's boss is in a bad mood today, so Becky decides to wait until tomorrow to submit a request for time off. After all, according to this theory, her boss's bad mood might affect whether she lets Becky go on vacation. | display rules affect-as-information Cannon-Bard James-Lange |
| Gary is taking a sign language class at the local community college because he is interested in it and has always wanted to know how to sign. Gary's motivation for taking this class appears to be primarily due to | instrumental. intrinsic. relational. extrinsic. |
| Pietr is taking a graduate class to earn a master's degree in business administration. When he gets his first test back he's happy to find that he earned an A-, but he also wants to challenge himself to earn an even higher A. Pietr likely has a high level of | need for achievement. grit. need for power. ability to delay gratification. |
| Ryan and Katie both like games, but Ryan prefers to play solitary games, like Sudoku or crossword puzzles, whereas Katie likes contests, such as trivia or strategy games. Katie's motivation is __________ whereas Ryan's motivation is __________. | intrinsic; extrinsic extrinsic; intrinsic deficient; homeostatic homeostatic; deficient |
| Savana is seeing a counselor to help her reduce the anger she is feeling. The counselor suggests several techniques that Savana can use to regulate her own emotional responses. Which of the following is NOT an effective method of emotional self-regulation? | engaging in some activity for a while to distract herself repeatedly thinking about the issue that is making her angry finding something to do that makes her laugh going out with friends and not thinking about the issue for a while |
| Steffan is interested in survival skills, and one guidebook he is reading includes a list of edible insects. The book says that many people who are isolated in the wilderness are surrounded by sources of nourishment that they are too squeamish to eat, such as crickets and worms. In other words, these people are unable to overcome which of the following types of learning? | classical conditioning gustatory cortex activation cultural influences ethnic values |
| Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the textbook as a method to satisfy your need to belong? | focus on being grateful for other people consider the goals you have for yourself that would help others think and write about your personal values and priorities emphasize physical and psychological health in your own life |
| Which of these is an example of classical conditioning influencing eating habits? | Sarah always feels hungry shortly after she leaves work, which is also dinner time. Baby Chloe won't try new foods unless her mother feeds them to her first. Although Tom was starving, he did not want to eat the crickets that he was offered by his friendly Cambodian neighbors because the thought of eating bugs grossed him out. Although Carlos has been working out to lose weight, his hormones that trigger hunger have been surging, which motivates him to eat more. |
| Which of these stories is difficult to explain according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs? | Clarissa can't live up to his full potential as a computer scientist until she learns to feel confident about her own accomplishments and talent. Mirella has been doing poorly in school, in part because she has lived in three different foster homes this semester. Jose has taken a pledge to spend the night alone under a downtown bridge in order to draw attention to the problem of homelessness in his community. Anselmo is constantly bullied at his new school. He often comes home with torn clothes and hurt feelings, and it's no surprise that he is suffering from low self-esteem. |
| Which person is NOT demonstrating a primary emotion? | Albert is very angry that he was not give a promotion that he'd worked hard for at work. Marie is ashamed that she yelled at her daughter and made her cry. Laurie is quite sad after learning that her grandmother is ill and is likely to die soon. Daniel is happy that his wife is pregnant with their first child. |
| While Natalie studied abroad in Taiwan, she ate at a restaurant where a waitress dropped her drink and started giggling. And a few other times while in Taiwan Natalie noticed that someone smiled or giggled when they made a mistake. These were not signs that people think mistakes are funny but rather of a cross-cultural difference in which of the following? | facial expressions display rules affect-as-information hormones |
| Factors of differing strength that energize, direct, and sustain behavior. | motivation |
| A state of biological or social deficiency | need |
| An arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs must be met before people can satisfy higher needs. | need hierarchy |
| A psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to engage in a behavior to satisfy a need | drive |
| Physiological activation (such as increased brain activity) or increased autonomic responses (such as increased heart rate, sweating, or muscle tension). | arousal |
| External objects or external goals, rather than internal drives, that motivate behaviors. | incentives |
| A desire to perform an activity because of the external goals that activity is directed toward. | extrinsic motivation |
| A desire to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose. | intrinsic motivation |
| A hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that controls glucose levels in the blood. | insulin |
| A hormone that is associated with increasing eating behavior based on short-term signals in the bloodstream. | ghrelin |
| A hormone that is associated with decreasing eating behavior based on long-term body fat regulation | leptin |
| The need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes | need to belong theory |
| The need, or desire, to attain a certain standard of excellence. | achievement motivation |
| Feelings that involve subjective evaluation, physiological processes, and cognitive beliefs. | emotion |
| Evolutionarily adaptive emotions that are shared across cultures and associated with specific physical states; they include anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, and possibly surprise and contempt. | primary emotions |
| Blends of primary emotions; they include remorse, guilt, shame, submission, and anticipation. | secondary emotions |
| Emotions result from the experience of physiological reactions in the body. | James-Lange theory |
| Emotions and bodily responses both occur simultaneously due to how parts of the brain process information. | Cannon-Bard theory |
| How we experience an emotion is influenced by the cognitive label we apply to explain the physiological changes we have experienced. | two-factor theory |
| Rules that are learned through socialization and that dictate what emotions are suitable in certain situations. | display rules |
| People use their current moods to make decisions, judgments, and appraisals, even if they do not know the sources of the moods. | affect-as-information theory |
| A negative emotional state associated with anxiety, tension, and agitation | guilt |
| Dr. Lacshmi encourages her graduate students to conduct research that focuses on issues related to faith, values, creativity, courage, and hope. Dr. Lacshmi is probably a _________ psychologist. | health developmental positive ========== sociocultural |
| Even though she admits that she fears becoming fat and alternates between binge eating and vomiting, Rebecca doesn't believe that she has an eating disorder. However, she would possibly receive a clinical diagnosis of which of the following? | bulimia nervosa =========== anorexia nervosa binge-eating disorder binge-eating disorder and anorexia nervosa |
| If Marilyn starts cooking nice dinners for her husband and children whenever she's stressed out, this behavior can be qualified as a form of which response? | primary appraisal general adaptation syndrome (GAS) tend-and-befriend response =========== negative stress response |
| Jeremy has been having sex with several partners without using a condom. Recently, he has begun to experience burning when he urinates. He also has a thick discharge from his penis that looks like pus. Jeremy should see a doctor immediately because he seems to be experiencing the symptoms of a bacterial sexually transmitted infection called | gonorrhea. ========= chlamydia. herpes. trichomoniasis. |
| Ken and Marcie returned home from a date night one evening to find fire trucks at their house. Faulty wiring had led to a major fire and their house was damaged beyond repair. In this situation, Ken and Marcie are currently experiencing a(n) | alarm response. exhaustion response. daily hassle. major life stressor.============= |
| Lily and Pat are both feeling stressed out. Lily has a horrible boss and Pat just lost his job. Lily considers herself a very spiritual person and attends church regularly, while Pat is not at all spiritual or religious. All else being equal, which of the following outcomes is most likely? | Lily will probably cope better than Pat because she is religious.============ Pat will probably cope better than Lily because he is not religious. Lily and Pat will cope similarly well, regardless of their religiosity. There is not sufficient evidence on the mediating effect of religiosity on stress to conclude one way or another. |
| Research finds that having a Type A behavior pattern is a strong predictor of which medical ailment? | migraine headaches heart disease ========== diabetes depression |
| Research has found that getting at least 30 minutes of exercise a day is associated with the most positive mental states and can be helpful for the treatment of all of the following EXCEPT | alcoholism drug addiction disordered eating =========== depression |
| Roland was hiking in the Alaskan wilderness when he suddenly encountered a mother grizzly bear and her cubs. He rapidly engaged in __________ to determine whether the bear was a threat. He then engaged in __________, during which he considered curling up in a fetal position and playing dead. | emotion-focused coping; problem-focused coping a primary appraisal; a secondary appraisal ============ problem-focused coping; emotion-focused coping a secondary appraisal; emotion-focused coping |
| Sabrina has been recently diagnosed with heart disease. To cope, she compares her own condition to that of her uncle, who has just received a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and has been given only six months to live. Sabrina is apparently engaging in which strategy to make herself feel better? | a primary appraisal problem-focused coping emotion-focused coping downward comparison ============ |
| Selye's concept of general adaptation syndrome (GAS) has three stages. Which one of the following response options lists the stages in their correct order of occurrence? | resistance; alarm; exhaustion alarm; resistance; exhaustion =========== exhaustion; resistance; alarm resistance; exhaustion; alarm |
| Stacia has learned that she is likely to lose her job due to a company downsizing. She responds to the stress that this causes by spending extra time with her children and by leaning on her closest friends for support. Stacia’s stress-response style, which is often seen in women, is the | tend-and-befriend response. ============ Type A behavior pattern. Type B behavior pattern. fight-or-flight response. |
| The ratio of one's weight to height is called | GAS. BMI. ============= BFI. WHI. |
| Three doctors are arguing about the development of heart disease in their patients. Dr. Jenkins suggests it has a genetic basis, Dr. Rice argues it has to do with personality type, and Dr. Aroni claims it has to do with living in a stressful environment. Who is most correct? | They all are correct, because disease has biological, psychological, and social origins.========== Dr. Jenkins is most correct, as heart disease tends to run in families. Dr. Rice is most correct, as heart disease tends to be higher in Type A people. Dr. Aroni is most correct, as stress can increase the risk of heart disease. |
| Winston always seems to have a cold. Bethany seldom gets colds or the flu, but she has been diagnosed with hypertension. Russell seldom sees his doctor aside from regular exams and when he has sports-related injuries. Based on this information, who has the most positive outlook in life? | Winston Russell ========= Bethany Russell and Bethany |
| A field that integrates research on health and on psychology; it involves the application of psychological principles to promoting health and well-being. | health psychology |
| A positive state that includes striving for optimal health and life satisfaction. | well-being |
| A model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness. | biopsychosocial model |
| A ratio of body weight to height, used to measure obesity. | body mass index (BMI) |
| An eating disorder characterized by excessive fear of becoming fat and therefore restricting energy intake to obtain a significantly low body weight. | anorexia nervosa |
| An eating disorder characterized by dieting, binge eating, and purging. | bulimia nervosa |
| An eating disorder characterized by binge eating that causes significant distress. | binge-eating disorder |
| Infections that can be, but are not always, transmitted from one person to the next through sexual contact. | sexually transmitted infections (STIs) |
| Sexual behaviors that decrease the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. | safer sex |
| A group of behavioral, mental, and physical processes occurring when events match or exceed the organism's ability to respond in a healthy way. | stress |
| An environmental event or stimulus that threatens an organism. | stressor |
| Physical, behavioral, and/or psychological responses to stressors. | stress responses |
| Large disruptions, especially unpredictable and uncontrollable catastrophic events, that affect central areas of people's lives. | major life stressors |
| Everyday irritations that cause small disruptions, the effects of which can add up to a large impact on health. | daily hassles |
| The body's mechanism for dealing with invading microorganisms, such as allergens, bacteria, and viruses. | immune system |
| A consistent pattern of physical responses to stress that consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. | general adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
| The physiological preparedness of animals to deal with danger. | fight-or-flight response |
| Females' tendency to respond to stressors by protecting and caring for their offspring and forming social alliances. | tend-and-befriend response |
| Personality traits characterized by competitiveness, achievement orientation, aggressiveness, hostility, restlessness, impatience with others, and an inability to relax. | Type A behavior pattern |
| Personality traits characterized by being noncompetitive, relaxed, easygoing, and accommodating. | Type B behavior pattern |
| Part of coping that involves making decisions about whether a stimulus is stressful or not. | primary appraisals |
| Part of coping where people decide how to manage and respond to a stressful stimulus. | secondary appraisals |
| A type of coping in which people try to prevent having an emotional response to a stressor. | emotion-focused coping |
| A type of coping in which people take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor. | problem-focused coping |
| The study of the strengths and virtues that allow people and communities to thrive. | positive psychology |
| People's explanations for why events or actions occur that refer to people's internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts. | personal attributions |
| People's explanations for why events or actions occur that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people's actions. | situational attributions |
| In explaining other people's behavior, the tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors. | fundamental attribution error |
| When interpreting our own behavior, we tend to focus on situations. When interpreting other people's behavior, we tend to focus on personal attributes. | actor/observer bias |
| People's tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own expectations or other people's expectations. | self-fulfilling prophecy |
| Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype. | prejudice |
| The inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people as a result of prejudice. | discrimination |
| Subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs. | modern racism |
| People's evaluations of objects, of events, or of ideas. | attitudes |
| Ease of retrieving an attitude from memory. | attitude accessibility |
| The increase in liking due to repeated exposure. | mere exposure effect |
| An attitude that a person is consciously aware of and can report. | explicit attitude |
| An attitude that influences a person's feelings and behavior at an unconscious level. | implicit attitude |
| An uncomfortable mental state due to a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior. | cognitive dissonance |
| The active and conscious effort to change an attitude through the transmission of a message. | persuasion |
| A method of persuasion that uses high elaboration—where people pay attention to the arguments and consider all the information in the message. This method usually results in development of stronger attitudes. | central route |
| A method of persuasion that uses low elaboration—where people minimally process the message. This method usually results in development of weaker attitudes. | peripheral route |
| When the mere presence of others enhances performance. | social facilitation |
| The tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone. | social loafing |
| A state of reduced individuality, reduced self-awareness, and reduced attention to personal standards; this phenomenon may occur when people are part of a group. | deindividuation |
| The altering of your own behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other people's expectations. | conformity |
| Expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior. | social norms |
| The tendency to agree to do things requested by others. | compliance |
| Factors that influence people to follow the orders given by an authority. | obedience |
| Any behavior that involves the intention to harm someone else. | aggression |
| The more frustrated we feel, the more likely we are to act aggressively. | frustration-aggression hypothesis |
| Acting in ways that tend to benefit others. | prosocial |
| The act of providing help when it is needed, with no apparent reward for doing so. | altruism |
| The failure to offer help to people in need. | bystander apathy |
| A type of romantic relationship that includes intense longing and sexual desire. | passionate love |
| A type of romantic relationship that includes strong commitment to supporting and caring for a partner. | companionate love |
| A therapist has appointments with four patients who have different psychological disorders. Which patient is most likely to receive electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? | patient who has had limited success with conventional treatments |
| Aaron has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder, and the main symptom he experiences is that he always feels hostile. This leads to inappropriate lashing out at others, and it has cost him relationships and jobs. Which type of medication might be helpful in reducing his hostility levels? | antipsychoits, stimulants, mood stabilizers, anit-anxiety drugs* |
| After World War II, a lack of psychotherapists resulted in the emergence of what type of therapy, which offers cost benefits and is available to more people? | group theropy |
| Alexis was diagnosed with OCD because she has to check the locks on her house and car many times before she can leave them. Her therapist asks her to lock a door then takes away the keys so Alexis cannot lock the door again. Taking away the keys is __________ and locking the door is __________. | response prevention; exposure |
| Amaya has been diagnosed with major depression and is not responding to conventional treatments. Which of the following might be an effective alternative therapeutic approach? | ECT |
| Benton hears voices when no one is present. His psychiatrist prescribes an antipsychotic, which is a type of __________ that works by __________. | psychotropic medication; changing brain neurochemistry |
| Cassie is seeing Dr. Bullock, a therapist who is helping her reduce her tendency to procrastinate by developing a system of rewards and punishments associated with her behavior. Dr. Bullock most likely is a proponent of which kind of psychotherapy? | behavior therapy |
| Christopher's therapist is treating him for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Which of the following methods is likely to be most effective over the long term? | CBT |
| Dr. Janus is treating a patient who has been diagnosed with APD. Which of the following treatments would likely be most effective? | using operant procedures to replace extreme and dysfunctional behaviors with more appropriate ones |
| Dr. Kopelski is an expert in the treatment of schizophrenia, and he regularly prescribes medications for patients with this condition. He prefers to use the atypical antipsychotics, but he knows that there are some serious side effects that his patients must be monitored for. These side effects include all but which of the following? | drop in white blood cells, siezures, weight gain, tardive dyskinesia* |
| Dr. Martinez's patient has __________. The doctor wants to use an evidence-based treatment to reduce the symptoms; therefore, she will treat the patient with __________. | schizophrenia; an antipsychotic medication |
| Hank has been diagnosed with APD and is getting treatment. Which of the following factors that are common to his disorder will likely make it difficult for him to develop a therapeutic relationship with his psychologist? | excessive lying; little concern for others' feelings |
| Julie is depressed and sees a therapist for treatment. The therapist works with Julie to help her identify the automatic, negative thoughts she has about herself and her future that are contributing to her depression. Julie's therapist is likely using | cbt |
| Kayla's therapist first taught her mindfulness meditation so she could focus on the present. Then, Kayla and her therapist talked about events in Kayla's past that led to her current problems. Now her therapist is teaching her to have self-respect and to think for herself. Kayla is probably being treated for | borderline personality disorder |
| Nelson is seeing a psychotherapist whose approach to treatment involves addressing the "whole person." The therapy does not consider an isolated problem or behavior, but takes a larger view of the process of improvement. What type of therapy is this? | humanistic |
| Nine-year-old Mario has been given a prescription for Ritalin. He is probably being treated for | adhd |
| One treatment of choice for children with autism spectrum disorder is a behavioral approach called applied behavior analysis. The technique notes that behaviors that are reinforced should increase in frequency, while those that are not reinforced should diminish. Which learning theory is the foundation for this approach? | operant conditioning |
| Penelope experiences regular panic attacks, and her fear of them happening again has led her to be diagnosed with panic disorder. She is working with a therapist who helps her to change her thinking about the attacks and the hope is that the anxiety as well as the attacks will be reduced over time. What psychotherapy technique is the therapist using? | cognitive reconstruction |
| Sixteen-year-old Ashley is seeing a therapist for depression. Her therapist suggests getting a prescription for an SSRI from her physician. The therapist explains several benefits to Ashley's parents, but the therapist makes one mistake. Which of the following statements by the therapist is NOT correct? | the medication has no risks or side effects |
| Ten-year-old Isaac has been diagnosed with ADHD. In terms of treatment options, which of the following will have the best outcome in the long term? | behavior theorpy |
| The cognitive triad, identified by Dr. Aaron Beck, is a combination of negative thoughts that are believed to be related to the symptoms of depression. Which is NOT a part of the cognitive triad? | self, future, situation, family* |
| The goal of CBT in treating panic disorder is to | break the connection between the trigger symptom and the resulting panic. |
| The most successful approach to treating borderline personality disorder is | dialectical behavior therapy. |
| The use of antidepressants with children and adolescents is associated with an increased risk of potentially dangerous outcomes. This prompted the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to require warning labels on the packaging of these medications. What was one potentially dangerous impact? | an increased risk of becoming suicidal |
| These four patients have been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (APD). Which patient is most likely to show improvement? | who lives in a correctional institution and attends therapy sessions with other patients |
| Three-year-old Emily spends every day with a therapist. Her therapist helps her learn language and social skills by reinforcing positive behaviors. Emily's therapist is using which type of therapy to treat which condition? | applied behavior analysis; autism |
| To help Charlie overcome his phobia of heights, his therapist trains him to relax and then has him imagine climbing a ladder. After Charlie visualizes climbing a ladder without anxiety, he attempts to imagine standing at the top of a tall building without feeling anxious. Charlie's therapist is using a technique known as | systematic desensitization. |
| When Joseph was a child in the 1950s, he lived through an outbreak of a specific type of sickness in the United States. The medication used to treat this condition was also found to increase mood and led to the development of antidepressant drugs. What was this epidemic that Joseph remembers? | tuberculosis |
| Which type of psychotherapy has been found to be particularly effective in helping children and adolescents who experience the symptoms of depression? | cognitive-behavioral therapy |
| Yasmine has been taking a psychotropic medication that is classified as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Her side effects have included some weight gain and an interruption of her normal sexual functioning. What class of medication is this? | antidepressant |